Paving a Path for Cancer Vaccines

One innovator helping pave the way is Dr. Nina Bhardwaj, Director of Immunotherapy at The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Professor of Hematology and Oncology.

Although vaccines to prevent COVID-19 have dominated conversations and the news cycle since the start of the pandemic — Bhardwaj and her team have been busy at work with a different type of vaccine altogether: one to support melanoma treatment and reduce risk of recurrence.

“There are two types of vaccines,” explains Bhardwaj. “There are prevention vaccines and therapeutic vaccines.” Prevention vaccines are designed to prevent people from becoming infected with or facing serious illness from a particular pathogen. As it relates to cancer, these exist for HPV and hepatitis B. Recent COVID-19 vaccines are another example of prevention vaccines. Therapeutic vaccines, however, are given when someone has already been diagnosed with cancer; the vaccine helps boosts the immune system in order to better attack cancer cells or to prevent the recurrence of cancer.

Cancer Vaccines to Prevent Melanoma Recurrence

Bhardwaj and other researchers are studying if therapeutic vaccines could be used to prevent relapse following surgery, in what is called adjuvant therapy. The vaccines could help the immune system eliminate any micro-metastatic disease that might be remaining, but otherwise not detectible via scans.

Researchers hope that this would also help prime the immune system so that should the cancer recur, the patient has some reasonable immunity to the cancer antigens.

Although cancer vaccines have shown some efficacy on their own, the latest research suggests that they become much more potent in their cancer-fighting abilities when combined with other, more established, immunotherapies. In a recent study that Bhardwaj and her team conducted, they found that adding immunotherapies to vaccines to mobilize antigen-presenting cells (key for initiating an immune response) made the vaccines twice as effective.¹

Simplistically, vaccines work by training the immune system to rapidly respond to a foreign invader. To do this, certain protein fragments — called antigens — must be introduced into the body to trigger an immune response.

When it comes to the flu, measles, shingles, or even COVID-19 the concept of a “foreign invader” makes sense. Vaccines introduce small molecular snippets from the virus. These snippets, completely harmless on their own, are enough to teach our immune system how to fight the full-fledged virus should you become exposed to it.

However, if instead you focus on cancer vaccines, this quickly becomes more complicated. That’s because cancer develops within our own cells — so not only do these vaccines need to work, they also need to be able to differentiate between healthy and cancerous cells. Despite the challenge, researchers including Dr. Bhardwaj are confident that vaccines have a place at the table in the fight against melanoma and other cancers.

Bhardwaj and her team are investigating “one-size-fits-all” melanoma vaccines that would introduce antigens found in all or most melanomas. They are also working on personalized vaccines based on antigens found in a specific patient’s tumor. She says she’s cautiously optimistic of what the cancer vaccine future looks like, particularly because researchers are able to stimulate the immune system in ways they never could before and in combinations with immunotherapy that make such approaches more effective than ever.

In addition to identifying the right antigens to include in a melanoma vaccine, researchers must also select the right delivery mechanism — what they call a “vaccine platform.” For example, the flu shot uses viral fragments or inactivated virus, the measles vaccine uses a weakened version of the virus, and the shingles vaccine uses part of the virus to train the immune system.